Linux kernel SCTP: timer race can free objects and underflow refcounts

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

sctp: hold asoc or transport before mod_timer() in timer handlers

Take the association or transport reference before rearming a timer in the timer handlers.

The existing code calls mod_timer() before taking the reference needed by the rearmed timer without holding the sock lock. This creates a race with timer cleanup: if the timer is deleted after mod_timer() returns but before the reference is taken, the cleanup path can drop the timer's reference and destroy the transport or association. The timer handler then takes a reference on the already freed object and eventually drops it, causing a refcount underflow.

Hold the object before mod_timer() and drop the reference if mod_timer() reports that the timer was already pending in timer handlers. Apply the same ordering to the proto-unreachable path, which can rearm a transport timer outside the timer handlers without holding the sock lock.