{"id":"CVE-2026-44499","kind":"vulnerability","aliases":["CVE-2026-44499","GHSA-h9hm-m2xj-4rq9"],"related":[],"title":"Zebra has Permanent Block Discovery Halt via Gossip Queue Saturation and Syncer Poisoning","description":"## Summary\n\nA composite denial-of-service vulnerability in Zebra's block discovery pipeline allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to permanently halt all new block discovery on a targeted node. The attack exploits three independent weaknesses in the gossip, syncer, and download subsystems — all exercisable from a single TCP connection — to create a monotonically growing block deficit that never self-heals.\n\n## Severity\n\n**Critical** — This is a Denial of Service vulnerability that requires no authentication, no special privileges, and only a single peer connection. The halt is permanent: the node will never recover without operator intervention.\n\n## Affected Versions\n\nAll Zebra versions prior to 4.4.0.\n\n## Description\n\nZebra discovers new blocks through two complementary paths: a gossip path (peers announce blocks via `inv` messages, triggering individual block downloads) and a syncer path (Zebra periodically queries peers with `FindBlocks`/`FindHeaders` to discover chains of missing blocks). Both paths must function for normal operation.\n\nThe gossip path was vulnerable because there was no per-connection rate limit on `inv` messages. A single connection could send enough sequential `inv` messages with fake block hashes to fill the entire gossip download queue in under a millisecond. The `FullQueue` return value was silently ignored, so legitimate block announcements from honest peers were dropped with no warning.\n\nThe syncer backup path could be degraded by responding with empty `inv` to `FindBlocks` requests and with `NotFound` to block download requests. Both are valid protocol responses that carried zero misbehavior penalty. The attacker's connection was never banned and never disconnected, allowing the degradation to persist indefinitely.\n\nCombining these two vectors, an attacker could suppress both block discovery paths simultaneously from a single connection, causing the node to fall permanently behind the chain tip.\n\n## Impact\n\n**Denial of Service**\n\n* **Attack Vector:** Network, unauthenticated. Requires only a single TCP peer connection.\n* **Effect:** Permanent halt of block discovery. The targeted node falls behind the chain tip and never recovers without operator intervention.\n* **Scope:** Any Zebra node reachable by the attacker over the peer-to-peer network.\n\n## Fixed Versions\n\nThis issue is fixed in Zebra 4.4.0.\n\nThe fix drops connections that send empty responses to `FindBlocks` and `FindHeaders` messages, preventing attackers from degrading the syncer path without consequence.\n\n## Mitigation\n\nUsers should upgrade to Zebra 4.4.0 or later immediately.\n\nThere are no known workarounds for this issue. Immediate upgrade is the only way to protect against this attack.\n\n## Credits\n\nZebra the researcher who reported this issue through the coordinated disclosure process.","summary":"Zebra is a Zcash node implementation, and a single unauthenticated peer connection can flood its gossip queue and degrade the syncer, so the node falls behind the chain tip and does not recover. An attacker gets a permanent denial of service against the node's block discovery.","severity":"high","cvss":8.7,"epss":0.00351,"exploited":false,"exploited_at":null,"products":[{"name":"zebrad","fixed":["4.4.0"],"affected":"< 4.4.0","ecosystem":"cargo"}],"ecosystems":["cargo"],"tags":["cwe-770","node-operators","package","self-hosted","zcash","zebra"],"not_affected_if":["zebra-version-4.4.0-or-later"],"how_to_check":"- Run `zebrad --version` and compare it with the fixed release `4.4.0`.\n- Check that the Zebra version in your deployment (container image tag, Cargo.lock entry for `zebrad`) is below `4.4.0`.","fix":"- Zebra: upgrade to `4.4.0` or later.","status":"open","published_at":"2026-05-08T16:16:13+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-11-13T02:43:33+00:00","triaged_at":"2026-11-13T02:45:00+00:00","updated_at":"2026-11-13T03:13:22+00:00","category":"package","confidence":0.85,"triage":{"at":"2026-11-13T02:45:00Z","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","output":{"fix":"- Zebra: upgrade to `4.4.0` or later.","reach":"internet","title":"Zebra: peer connection can permanently halt new block discovery on node","impact":"medium","summary":"Zebra is a Zcash node implementation, and a single unauthenticated peer connection can flood its gossip queue and degrade the syncer, so the node falls behind the chain tip and does not recover. An attacker gets a permanent denial of service against the node's block discovery.","audience":"businesses","category":"package","nicknames":[],"who_cares":["zcash","zebra","self-hosted","node-operators"],"confidence":0.85,"fix_status":"available","needs_auth":"no","worst_case":"Node permanently stops discovering new blocks until operator intervenes.","analyst_note":"","how_to_check":"- Run `zebrad --version` and compare it with the fixed release `4.4.0`.\n- Check that the Zebra version in your deployment (container image tag, Cargo.lock entry for `zebrad`) is below `4.4.0`.","plain_action":"","product_name":"","needs_analyst":false,"not_affected_if":["zebra-version-4.4.0-or-later"],"who_is_affected":"Any operator running a Zebra node reachable from the peer-to-peer network is exposed, since the attack needs only one TCP connection and no account. The sources do not describe a non-default configuration that avoids it, and they state there are no known workarounds, so upgrading is the only mitigation named.","user_interaction":"no","product_ecosystem":"","needs_special_setup":"no","severity_if_unknown":"high"},"cost_usd":0.000824,"input_tokens":5475,"output_tokens":552,"severity_before":"high"},"analyst_status":null,"analyst_note":null,"search":"'-2026':15A,23A '-44499':16A,24A '-770':27B '4.4.0':187C,427C,456C '4rq9':21A 'affect':180C 'allow':98C,336C 'announc':201C,285C 'attack':71B,102C,115C,327C,347C,373C,411C,442C,478C 'authent':158C 'backup':296C 'ban':332C 'behind':62B,365C,394C 'block':4A,82B,95C,108C,139C,192C,202C,208C,226C,262C,284C,313C,351C,388C 'carri':322C 'caus':359C 'chain':64B,223C,367C,396C 'combin':342C 'complementari':195C 'composit':86C 'connect':48B,133C,167C,245C,253C,329C,358C,383C,431C 'consequ':449C 'coordin':489C 'could':254C,298C,348C 'creat':135C 'credit':479C 'critic':147C 'cve':14A,22A 'cwe':26B 'deficit':140C 'degrad':55B,300C,338C,444C 'denial':75B,88C,151C,370C 'denial-of-servic':87C 'descript':188C 'disclosur':490C 'disconnect':335C 'discov':190C,222C 'discoveri':5A,83B,96C,109C,352C,389C 'download':125C,209C,269C,314C 'drop':290C,430C 'effect':384C 'empti':304C,434C 'enough':256C 'entir':267C 'exercis':128C 'exploit':116C 'fake':261C 'fall':61B,363C,393C 'fill':265C 'findblock':219C,307C,437C 'findhead':220C,439C 'fix':419C,424C,429C 'flood':50B 'fullqueu':276C 'function':230C 'get':72B 'ghsa':18A 'ghsa-h9hm-m2xj-4rq9':17A 'gossip':8A,52B,122C,198C,235C,268C 'grow':138C 'h9hm':19A 'halt':6A,105C,169C,386C 'hash':263C 'heal':145C 'honest':287C 'host':34B 'ignor':281C 'immedi':459C,468C 'impact':369C 'implement':42B 'indefinit':341C 'independ':118C 'individu':207C 'intervent':179C,403C 'inv':204C,249C,258C,305C 'issu':422C,467C,486C 'known':463C 'later':458C 'legitim':283C 'limit':247C 'm2xj':20A 'messag':205C,250C,259C,440C 'millisecond':274C 'misbehavior':324C 'miss':225C 'mitig':450C 'monoton':137C 'must':229C 'network':375C,418C 'never':142C,175C,331C,334C,399C 'new':107C,191C 'node':29B,41B,60B,80B,113C,173C,361C,392C,407C 'node-oper':28B 'normal':232C 'notfound':311C 'oper':30B,178C,233C,402C 'packag':31B 'path':196C,199C,213C,228C,236C,297C,353C,447C 'peer':47B,166C,200C,217C,288C,382C,415C,417C 'peer-to-p':414C 'penalti':325C 'per':244C 'per-connect':243C 'period':215C 'perman':3A,74B,104C,171C,364C,385C 'persist':340C 'pipelin':97C 'poison':13A 'prevent':441C 'prior':185C 'privileg':161C 'process':491C 'protect':475C 'protocol':319C 'queri':216C 'queue':9A,53B,270C 'rate':246C 'reachabl':408C 'recov':69B,176C,400C 'remot':101C 'report':484C 'request':308C,315C 'requir':156C,377C 'research':482C 'respond':302C 'respons':320C,435C 'return':277C 'satur':10A 'scope':404C 'self':33B,144C 'self-heal':143C 'self-host':32B 'send':255C,433C 'sequenti':257C 'servic':77B,90C,153C,372C 'sever':146C 'silent':280C 'simultan':354C 'singl':45B,131C,165C,252C,357C,380C 'special':160C 'subsystem':126C 'summari':84C 'suppress':349C 'syncer':12A,57B,123C,212C,295C,446C 'target':112C,391C 'tcp':132C,381C 'three':117C 'tip':65B,368C,397C 'trigger':206C 'two':194C,344C 'unauthent':46B,100C,376C 'upgrad':453C,469C 'user':451C 'valid':318C 'valu':278C 'vector':345C,374C 'version':181C,184C,420C 'via':7A,203C 'vulner':91C,154C,238C 'warn':293C 'way':473C 'weak':119C 'without':177C,401C,448C 'workaround':464C 'zcash':35B,40B 'zebra':1A,36B,37B,93C,183C,189C,214C,406C,426C,455C,480C 'zebrad':25A 'zero':323C","nicknames":[],"mitigations":[],"who_affected":"Any operator running a Zebra node reachable from the peer-to-peer network is exposed, since the attack needs only one TCP connection and no account. The sources do not describe a non-default configuration that avoids it, and they state there are no known workarounds, so upgrading is the only mitigation named.","tier":"B","verified":{},"analyst_revisit_at":null,"fix_status":"available","audience":"businesses","plain_action":null,"pkeys":["zebrad"],"ptokens":["zebrad"],"labels":["cargo","cwe770","high","nodeoperators","package","selfhosted","zcash","zebra"],"campaign_type":null,"search_a":"'-2026':15A,23A '-44499':16A,24A '4rq9':21A 'block':4A 'cve':14A,22A 'discoveri':5A 'ghsa':18A 'ghsa-h9hm-m2xj-4rq9':17A 'gossip':8A 'h9hm':19A 'halt':6A 'm2xj':20A 'perman':3A 'poison':13A 'queue':9A 'satur':10A 'syncer':12A 'via':7A 'zebra':1A 'zebrad':25A","search_b":"'-770':27B 'attack':71B 'behind':62B 'block':82B 'chain':64B 'connect':48B 'cwe':26B 'degrad':55B 'denial':75B 'discoveri':83B 'fall':61B 'flood':50B 'get':72B 'gossip':52B 'host':34B 'implement':42B 'node':29B,41B,60B,80B 'node-oper':28B 'oper':30B 'packag':31B 'peer':47B 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'zero':323C","cause_entry":null,"cause_path":null,"disclosures_checked_at":null,"first_public_at":"2026-05-05T08:08:14+00:00","kev":null,"cvss_vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","cvss_by":"security-advisories@github.com","poc_count":0,"sources":[{"source":"ghsa","external_id":"GHSA-h9hm-m2xj-4rq9","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-h9hm-m2xj-4rq9","severity":"high","published_at":"2026-05-08T19:12:35+00:00","modified_at":"2026-11-13T02:42:59+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-11-13T02:43:33+00:00","fetched_at":"2026-11-13T02:52:49+00:00","note":null},{"source":"nvd","external_id":"CVE-2026-44499","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44499","severity":null,"published_at":"2026-05-08T16:16:13+00:00","modified_at":"2026-10-26T18:10:00+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-11-13T03:13:22+00:00","fetched_at":"2026-11-13T03:13:22+00:00","note":null}],"documents":[{"id":142038,"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ZcashFoundation/zebra/security-advisories/GHSA-h9hm-m2xj-4rq9","title":"Maintainer's 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For higher limits or API access: sales@infrastack.ai"}