{"id":"CVE-2026-118665","kind":"vulnerability","aliases":["CVE-2026-118665","GHSA-434m-5hcj-pxf3"],"related":[],"title":"GraphQL Tools: Per-request connection parameters persist into later users' WebSocket authentications","description":"# Stale authentication state in `@graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws`: per-request `extensions.connectionParams` persist in executor closure state and are replayed in a later caller's `connection_init`\n\n## Report metadata\n\n| Field | Value |\n| --- | --- |\n| Package | `@graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws` (npm, `pkg:npm/%40graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws`) |\n| Repository | https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools |\n| Component | `buildWSLegacyExecutor` (`packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts`) |\n| Vulnerability class | Stale authentication state / credential reuse across requests |\n| Verified against | Commit `b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1`; npm release `1.1.33` installed and exercised. During validation the same behaviour was also observed on the current latest release `1.1.35`, and the unreset closure is still present on `master`. |\n| API surface | Public documented API (`buildWSLegacyExecutor`, and `request.extensions.connectionParams` on the returned executor) |\n| Affected in default configuration | Yes — the factory returns a general, reusable `Executor` with no per-identity or single-use restriction, and no supported teardown clears the retained parameters. |\n\nVersion note: the originally recorded affected range was `<= 1.1.33`. Validation showed that range understates exposure — the same proof of concept leaks identically on `1.1.35`.\n\n## Summary\n\n`buildWSLegacyExecutor` keeps a single closure-scoped object, `executorConnectionParams`, for the lifetime of the executor. Every execution that carries `request.extensions.connectionParams` merges those keys into that object with `Object.assign`, and the object is merged into the `connection_init` payload each time a new WebSocket opens. Nothing ever removes keys: `cleanupWebsocket` terminates the socket and nulls the handle but leaves `executorConnectionParams` intact, and a later request that simply omits a key skips the conditional update entirely.\n\nThe consumer-side shape is a shared executor that forwards per-user credentials. When one long-lived executor serves multiple principals — the schema-stitching, gateway, or mesh pattern where each `ExecutionRequest` supplies its own `extensions.connectionParams` — a request that omits the auth key is sent to the downstream server with the previous caller's `Authorization`/tenant values in its `connection_init`, so the downstream server authenticates the later caller as the earlier user.\n\nBehaviour of the neighbouring state in the same file:\n\n- WebSocket handle (`websocket`) → reset on teardown in `cleanupWebsocket`, [lines 78-88](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L78-L88)\n- Per-request `connectionParams` merge, present case → applied as documented, [lines 93-101](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L93-L101)\n- `executorConnectionParams` closure object → **never reset; survives socket teardown and is re-sent on the next connection, [line 32](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L32) and [line 54](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L54)**\n\n## Impact\n\nA caller who supplies no credentials (or lower-privileged ones) can have its downstream GraphQL subscription executed under a previous user's retained token or tenant value, and can receive data that its own `connection_init` would not authorize. The credential itself is never disclosed to the attacker — it reaches the sink through closure storage, not because the attacker knows it — but the downstream authorization it represents is.\n\nThe new capability versus safe behaviour: without this bug, an anonymous request would open a connection whose `connection_init` contains only base options plus that request's own parameters, and the downstream server would treat it as anonymous. With it, the anonymous request inherits the victim's authorization. Validation also showed partial-overwrite merging: a later caller supplying only `{tenant: \"<attacker tenant>\"}` gets the victim's `Authorization` retained alongside its own tenant, i.e. an attacker-chosen tenant authenticated with someone else's bearer token.\n\nScoring note: **not scored.** No CVSS vector accompanies this finding, and exploitability depends on the consuming application's data flow rather than on the library alone. Consumers that construct a fresh executor per request are **not** affected — the in-repository `UrlLoader` wrapper ([`packages/loaders/url/src/index.ts:172-182`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/loaders/url/src/index.ts#L172-L182)) builds a new executor for each request and therefore does not exhibit the persistence. The exposure is to applications that use the exported factory directly and share the executor.\n\n## Preconditions\n\n1. One executor instance created by `buildWSLegacyExecutor` is reused across requests belonging to different users or authorization contexts.\n2. The application uses the explicitly supported `extensions.connectionParams` field to carry per-request downstream identity. This field is documented only by the source comment at [line 91](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L91), which says additional connection params can be supplied through extensions but does not warn that values persist into later requests.\n3. The first operation's socket is closed before the later operation opens a new one. This is the normal path, not an edge case: the `COMPLETE` handler calls `cleanupWebsocket()` after every operation.\n4. Attacker capability required: the ability to make a request through the sharing application — in a gateway, a remote user controls whether they authenticate and which subscription they ask for, and an anonymous request naturally leaves the `connectionParams` key absent.\n5. The later request omits at least one sensitive key rather than overwriting every prior key (`Object.assign` merges, it does not replace).\n\nThis does **not** require non-standard usage, monkey-patching, or unusual configuration: the affected path is the documented `extensions.connectionParams` feature on the package's public API, and the library does not document per-request credential isolation as a caller responsibility. Validation confirmed that the library's own documented teardown, `executor[Symbol.dispose]()` (bound to `cleanupWebsocket`), does not clear the state either — no supported API resets it.\n\n## Data flow\n\n1. **Source** — a victim `ExecutionRequest` supplies `extensions.connectionParams`, commonly an `Authorization` or tenant token ([`packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts:90-100`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L90-L100)).\n2. **Propagation** — `Object.assign` stores those keys in the closure-scoped `executorConnectionParams` ([`index.ts:32`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L32), [`index.ts:97-100`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L97-L100)).\n3. **Propagation** — `cleanupWebsocket` terminates the socket but does not reset `executorConnectionParams` ([`index.ts:78-88`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L78-L88)); the attacker's later request omits `connectionParams`, so the conditional update is skipped and the old keys remain ([`index.ts:93-101`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L93-L101)).\n4. **Sink** — the new socket's `onopen` merges the retained state into the `connection_init` payload and sends it before the attacker's operation: `payload = Object.assign(payload, executorConnectionParams); websocket!.send(...connection_init payload...)` ([`index.ts:44-65`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L44-L65), [`index.ts:120-129`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L120-L129)).\n5. **Reachability** — the package directly exports `buildWSLegacyExecutor` ([`index.ts:27`](https://github.com/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#L27)), and the entry point is the returned disposable executor plus `request.extensions.connectionParams`.\n\n## Vulnerable code\n\n`packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts`, lines 32-100 at `b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1`:\n\n```ts\nlet executorConnectionParams = {};        // closure state, lives as long as the executor\n...\npayload = Object.assign(payload, executorConnectionParams);   // sink: retained keys enter connection_init\nwebsocket!.send(JSON.stringify({ type: LEGACY_WS.CONNECTION_INIT, payload }));\n...\nif (request.extensions?.['connectionParams'] && typeof request.extensions?.['connectionParams'] === 'object') {\n  executorConnectionParams = Object.assign(executorConnectionParams, request.extensions['connectionParams']);\n}\n// no else branch: a request that omits connectionParams leaves the previous request's keys in place,\n// and cleanupWebsocket (lines 78-88) resets only `websocket`, never `executorConnectionParams`.\n```\n\n## Reproduction\n\n**Verified dynamically against the real package**, not by static review alone. Release `1.1.33` was installed from npm and driven against a live local `ws` server implementing the legacy `graphql-ws` protocol, recording the `connection_init` payload of every physical connection.\n\nObserved across the validation runs, using one shared executor instance:\n\n- Request 1 (victim) sent `extensions.connectionParams` `{Authorization: \"Bearer VICTIM-ALICE-SECRET-TOKEN\", tenant: \"alice-tenant\"}`. After that subscription completed, the executor sent `connection_terminate` and tore the socket down.\n- Request 2 supplied **no** `connectionParams`, yet the server observed a brand-new connection whose `connection_init` payload was byte-identical to the victim's, including the victim's bearer token.\n- Partial overwrite: when the later caller supplied only `{tenant: \"mallory-tenant\"}`, `Object.assign` merged rather than replaced, so the victim's `Authorization` was retained alongside the attacker's tenant.\n- Calling `executor[Symbol.dispose]()` between requests did not clear the state.\n- Negative control: patching the installed `1.1.33` to add `executorConnectionParams = {}` inside `cleanupWebsocket` made the second connection's init payload `{}`, so the leak is causally attributable to the missing reset.\n- The same proof of concept leaks identically on `1.1.35`, and `master` still contains the unreset closure. Upstream line numbers on `master` are slightly offset from those cited above (closure declaration L38, conditional `Object.assign` L100-105, `cleanupWebsocket` L84, `onopen` merge L60-63).\n\nSteps:\n\n1. Run a legacy GraphQL WS server that records the `connection_init` payload and authorizes notifications by `Authorization` value.\n2. Use one executor for a victim request with `extensions.connectionParams.Authorization = 'Bearer victim-token'`; finish/unsubscribe it so cleanup closes the socket.\n3. Use the same executor for an anonymous request with no `extensions.connectionParams`.\n4. Observe that the second `connection_init` still contains `Bearer victim-token` and that the anonymous subscription receives victim-authorized results.\n\n```ts\nimport WebSocket from 'isomorphic-ws';\nimport { parse } from 'graphql';\nimport { buildWSLegacyExecutor } from '@graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws';\n\nconst exec = buildWSLegacyExecutor('ws://localhost:8081/graphql', WebSocket);\n\nconst v = exec({\n  document: parse('subscription { privateEvents { id } }'),\n  extensions: { connectionParams: { Authorization: 'Bearer victim-token' } },\n});\nawait v.next();\nawait v.return?.(); // iterator cleanup closes the first socket; executorConnectionParams is not cleared\n\nconst a = exec({ document: parse('subscription { privateEvents { id } }') });\nawait a.next(); // the server logs a second connection_init payload still carrying Authorization: Bearer victim-token\n```\n\n- **Expected:** the second `connection_init` payload contains only the base options and the second request's own parameters, with no key omitted by that request carried over from the victim.\n- **Actual:** the second `connection_init` carries the victim's retained `Authorization`/tenant values, and the downstream server authenticates the later caller as the victim.\n\n## Suggested remediation\n\nDo not retain operation-level `extensions.connectionParams` beyond the operation and connection they belong to: build each `connection_init` payload from the base options plus the current request's parameters only, and clear connection-specific state during cleanup.\n\n```ts\n// 1. Clear the retained state when the connection is torn down.\nfunction cleanupWebsocket() {\n  // ... existing connection_terminate / terminate / websocket = null ...\n  executorConnectionParams = {};\n}\n```\n\nAlternative, and the more complete form: stop accumulating into shared closure state at all — derive the payload per request, e.g. `const payload = { ...options.connectionParams, ...(request.extensions?.['connectionParams'] ?? {}) }`, passed down to the `onopen` handler for that connection rather than read from the executor closure.\n\nNotes:\n\n- `executor[Symbol.dispose]()` is bound to `cleanupWebsocket`, so fixing the reset there also makes the documented teardown behave as callers expect.\n- `Object.assign` merges rather than replaces, so a later request supplying *some* parameters still inherits the keys it omits; a fix that only replaces the object on the \"present\" branch would leave this half-open.\n- The `UrlLoader` path in this repository constructs a fresh executor per request and is already safe; no change is needed there. The exposure is to direct consumers of the exported `buildWSLegacyExecutor`.\n- It would also help to define explicitly whether mixing distinct auth contexts on one executor is supported, and to reject it if not — today the factory returns a general `Executor` with no stated per-identity restriction.\n\nSuggested regression test alongside the package's existing legacy-ws executor tests (the exact spec file is **not verified** by the available information): drive one executor against a recording server, send request 1 with `extensions.connectionParams = { Authorization: 'Bearer victim-token' }`, let it complete, then send request 2 with no `connectionParams`, and assert the second `connection_init` payload contains no `Authorization` key. Add a second case where request 2 supplies only `{ tenant: 'other' }` and assert the payload is exactly `{ tenant: 'other' }` plus base options.\n\n## Disclosure status\n\nCurrently undisclosed: no CVE, GHSA, advisory URL, upstream issue, or fix commit is associated with this finding, and no fixed version exists to upgrade to.\n\n## Resolution\n\nFixed in `@graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws@1.1.36`, which is published on npm. Each execution opens its own socket. `connection_init` is built from the executor's base `connectionParams` plus only that request's `extensions.connectionParams`. Upgrade to `>=1.1.36`.","summary":"The @graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws package keeps connection parameters from one request in executor state and sends them in the connection_init payload of later requests on the same executor. A later caller that omits its own credentials can therefore have its downstream subscription authorized as the earlier user.","severity":"high","cvss":8.2,"epss":null,"exploited":false,"exploited_at":null,"products":[{"name":"@graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws","fixed":["1.1.36"],"affected":"<= 1.1.35","ecosystem":"npm"}],"ecosystems":["npm"],"tags":["cwe-613","gateway","graphql","graphql-tools","node.js","npm","package","schema-stitching","websocket"],"not_affected_if":["fresh-executor-per-request","no-connection-params","single-user"],"how_to_check":"- Run `npm ls @graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws` to find the installed version in each project.\n- Search application code for `buildWSLegacyExecutor` and check whether one executor instance is reused across different users or authorization contexts.\n- Check whether requests pass `extensions.connectionParams` to that executor.","fix":"- Upgrade `@graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws` to `1.1.36` or later.\n- Until upgraded, create a fresh executor per request or per authorization context instead of sharing one.","status":"open","published_at":"2026-10-28T21:05:17+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-10-28T21:07:44+00:00","triaged_at":"2026-10-28T21:09:35+00:00","updated_at":"2026-10-28T21:35:45+00:00","category":"package","confidence":0.8,"triage":{"at":"2026-10-28T21:09:35Z","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","output":{"fix":"- Upgrade `@graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws` to `1.1.36` or later.\n- Until upgraded, create a fresh executor per request or per authorization context instead of sharing one.","reach":"internet","title":"GraphQL Tools legacy WebSocket executor reuses earlier callers' auth parameters","impact":"high","summary":"The @graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws package keeps connection parameters from one request in executor state and sends them in the connection_init payload of later requests on the same executor. A later caller that omits its own credentials can therefore have its downstream subscription authorized as the earlier user.","category":"package","nicknames":[],"who_cares":["npm","graphql","graphql-tools","gateway","schema-stitching","websocket","node.js"],"confidence":0.8,"needs_auth":"unknown","worst_case":"Anonymous caller runs downstream subscriptions under a previous user's token.","analyst_note":"","how_to_check":"- Run `npm ls @graphql-tools/executor-legacy-ws` to find the installed version in each project.\n- Search application code for `buildWSLegacyExecutor` and check whether one executor instance is reused across different users or authorization contexts.\n- Check whether requests pass `extensions.connectionParams` to that executor.","needs_analyst":false,"not_affected_if":["fresh-executor-per-request","single-user","no-connection-params"],"who_is_affected":"Applications that call the exported `buildWSLegacyExecutor` factory directly and share one executor across users, such as gateway, stitching or mesh setups that forward per-user `extensions.connectionParams` over legacy graphql-ws subscriptions. The in-repository URL loader builds a new executor per request and is not affected. Single-user applications or those that create a fresh executor per request can skip it.","user_interaction":"no","needs_special_setup":"yes","severity_if_unknown":"high"},"cost_usd":0.001121,"input_tokens":7894,"output_tokens":664,"severity_before":"high"},"analyst_status":null,"analyst_note":null,"search":"'-101':436C '-118665':16A,24A '-2026':15A,23A '-613':30B '-88':420C '/ardatan/graphql-tools':138C '/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#l32)':461C '/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#l54)**':467C '/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#l78-l88)':423C '/ardatan/graphql-tools/blob/b5d1c36ebb8ed3868260ffee5bbcbb423ad5c1f1/packages/executors/legacy-ws/src/index.ts#l93-l101)':439C '/executor-legacy-ws':28A,47B,99C,127C,134C '/tenant':383C '1.1.33':157C,234C 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'stale':92C,144C 'state':57B,94C,108C,146C,405C 'still':180C 'stitch':41B,352C 'storag':524C 'subscript':86B,485C 'summari':250C 'suppli':360C,472C 'support':220C 'surfac':185C 'surviv':445C 'teardown':221C,415C,447C 'tenant':495C 'termin':300C 'therefor':82B 'time':290C 'token':493C 'tool':2A,35B,46B,98C,126C,133C 'tools':27A 'underst':239C 'unreset':177C 'updat':323C 'use':216C 'user':11A,91B,338C,400C,490C 'valid':162C,235C 'valu':122C,384C,496C 'verifi':151C 'version':226C 'versus':541C 'vulner':142C 'websocket':12A,42B,293C,410C,412C 'whose':554C 'without':544C 'would':506C,550C 'yes':200C","nicknames":[],"mitigations":[],"who_affected":"Applications that call the exported `buildWSLegacyExecutor` factory directly and share one executor across users, such as gateway, stitching or mesh setups that forward per-user `extensions.connectionParams` over legacy graphql-ws subscriptions. The in-repository URL loader builds a new executor per request and is not affected. Single-user applications or those that create a fresh executor per request can skip it.","tier":"B","verified":{},"analyst_revisit_at":null,"first_public_at":"2026-10-28T21:05:17+00:00","kev":null,"cvss_vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","cvss_by":"security-advisories@github.com","poc_count":0,"sources":[{"source":"ghsa","external_id":"GHSA-434m-5hcj-pxf3","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-434m-5hcj-pxf3","severity":"high","published_at":"2026-10-28T21:05:17+00:00","modified_at":"2026-10-28T21:05:18+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-10-28T21:07:44+00:00","fetched_at":"2026-10-28T21:07:44+00:00","note":null},{"source":"nvd","external_id":"CVE-2026-118665","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-118665","severity":null,"published_at":"2026-10-28T21:16:56+00:00","modified_at":"2026-10-28T21:16:56+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-10-28T21:35:45+00:00","fetched_at":"2026-10-28T21:35:45+00:00","note":null}],"documents":[],"notice":"Free to read at a human pace. An API with keys and an MCP server are in preparation; early access: hello@infrastack.ai"}