{"id":"CVE-2025-32433","kind":"vulnerability","aliases":["CVE-2025-32433"],"related":[],"title":"Erlang/OTP is a set of libraries for the Erlang programming language","description":"Erlang Erlang/OTP SSH server contains a missing authentication for critical function vulnerability. This could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary commands without valid credentials, potentially leading to unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE). By exploiting a flaw in how SSH protocol messages are handled, a malicious actor could gain unauthorized access to affected systems. This vulnerability could affect various products that implement Erlang/OTP SSH server, including—but not limited to—Cisco, NetApp, and SUSE.\n\nCISA required action: Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.","summary":"The Erlang/OTP SSH server accepts SSH protocol messages before authenticating the session, so it can run commands without valid credentials. An unauthenticated remote attacker can execute arbitrary commands on the server, and CISA lists it as actively exploited.","severity":"critical","cvss":10.0,"epss":null,"exploited":true,"exploited_at":"2025-06-09T00:00:00+00:00","products":[{"name":"Erlang Erlang/OTP","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"erlang erlang\\/otp","fixed":["25.3.2.20"],"affected":"< 25.3.2.20","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"erlang erlang\\/otp","fixed":["26.2.5.11"],"affected":">= 26.0, < 26.2.5.11","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"erlang erlang\\/otp","fixed":["27.3.3"],"affected":">= 27.0, < 27.3.3","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco confd basic","fixed":["7.7.19.1"],"affected":"< 7.7.19.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco confd basic","fixed":["8.1.16.2"],"affected":">= 8.0.18, < 8.1.16.2","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco confd basic","fixed":["8.2.11.1"],"affected":">= 8.2, < 8.2.11.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco confd basic","fixed":["8.3.8.1"],"affected":">= 8.3, < 8.3.8.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco confd basic","fixed":["8.4.4.1"],"affected":">= 8.4, < 8.4.4.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco network services orchestrator","fixed":["5.7.19.1"],"affected":"< 5.7.19.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco network services orchestrator","fixed":["6.1.16.2"],"affected":">= 5.8, < 6.1.16.2","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco network services orchestrator","fixed":["6.2.11.1"],"affected":">= 6.2, < 6.2.11.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco network services orchestrator","fixed":["6.3.8.1"],"affected":">= 6.3, < 6.3.8.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco network services orchestrator","fixed":["6.4.1.1"],"affected":">= 6.4, < 6.4.1.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco network services orchestrator","fixed":["6.4.4.1"],"affected":">= 6.4.2, < 6.4.4.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco cloud native broadband network gateway","fixed":["2025.03.1"],"affected":"< 2025.03.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco inode manager","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco smart phy","fixed":["25.2"],"affected":"< 25.2","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco ultra packet core","fixed":["2025.03"],"affected":"< 2025.03","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco ultra services platform","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco staros","fixed":["2025.03"],"affected":"< 2025.03","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco optical site manager","fixed":["25.2.1"],"affected":"< 25.2.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco ncs 2000 shelf virtualization orchestrator firmware","fixed":["25.1.1"],"affected":"< 25.1.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco enterprise nfv infrastructure software","fixed":["4.18"],"affected":"< 4.18","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco ultra cloud core","fixed":["2025.03.1"],"affected":"< 2025.03.1","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv160w firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv260 firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv160 firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv260p firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv260w firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv340 firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv340w firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv345 firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"cisco rv345p firmware","fixed":[],"affected":"","ecosystem":"vendor"},{"name":"debian linux","fixed":[],"affected":"= 11.0","ecosystem":"vendor"}],"ecosystems":["vendor"],"tags":["erlang","exploited","network-appliances","otp","runtime","self-hosted","ssh"],"not_affected_if":["managed-hosting","no-erlang-ssh-daemon"],"how_to_check":null,"fix":"Upgrade Erlang/OTP to a patched release per the vendor advisory, or disable the SSH server if it is not needed; the sources do not name the fixed versions.","status":"open","published_at":"2025-04-16T22:15:14+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-10-23T19:11:51+00:00","triaged_at":"2026-10-23T20:46:57+00:00","updated_at":"2026-10-23T22:29:05+00:00","category":"runtime","confidence":0.7,"triage":{"at":"2026-10-23T20:46:57Z","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","output":{"fix":"Upgrade Erlang/OTP to a patched release per the vendor advisory, or disable the SSH server if it is not needed; the sources do not name the fixed versions.","reach":"internet","summary":"The Erlang/OTP SSH server accepts SSH protocol messages before authenticating the session, so it can run commands without valid credentials. An unauthenticated remote attacker can execute arbitrary commands on the server, and CISA lists it as actively exploited.","category":"runtime","who_cares":["erlang","otp","ssh","self-hosted","network-appliances"],"confidence":0.7,"needs_auth":"no","worst_case":"Unauthenticated attacker runs arbitrary commands on the server over SSH","analyst_note":"Find the fixed Erlang/OTP versions and the affected-product list (Cisco, NetApp, SUSE advisories) from the CISA KEV entry and vendor advisories, and confirm the how-to-check method.","how_to_check":"unknown","needs_analyst":true,"not_affected_if":["no-erlang-ssh-daemon","managed-hosting"],"user_interaction":"no","needs_special_setup":"yes","severity_if_unknown":"critical"},"cost_usd":0.000476,"input_tokens":2675,"output_tokens":416,"severity_before":"unknown"},"analyst_status":null,"analyst_note":null,"search":"'-01':273C '-2025':13A,16A '-32433':14A,17A '/otp':22A,25A,28A '2000':96A '22':272C 'accept':154B 'access':237C 'action':263C 'activ':186B 'actor':233C 'affect':239C,244C 'allow':202C 'appli':264C 'applianc':143B 'applic':270C 'arbitrari':176B,207C 'attack':173B,204C 'authent':159B,195C 'basic':31A,34A,37A,40A,43A 'bod':271C 'broadband':71A 'cisa':182B,261C 'cisco':29A,32A,35A,38A,41A,44A,48A,52A,56A,60A,64A,68A,74A,77A,80A,84A,88A,90A,94A,101A,106A,110A,113A,116A,119A,122A,125A,128A,131A,134A,257C 'cloud':69A,108A,276C 'code':217C 'command':166B,177B,208C 'confd':30A,33A,36A,39A,42A 'contain':192C 'core':83A,109A 'could':201C,234C,243C 'credenti':169B,211C 'critic':197C 'cve':12A,15A 'debian':137A 'discontinu':279C 'enterprise':102A 'erlang':9A,18A,20A,21A,23A,24A,26A,27A,139B,188C 'erlang/otp':1A,19A,151B,189C,249C 'execut':175B,206C,218C 'exploit':140B,187B,221C 'firmware':100A,112A,115A,118A,121A,124A,127A,130A,133A,136A 'flaw':223C 'follow':269C 'function':198C 'gain':235C 'gateway':73A 'guidanc':274C 'handl':230C 'host':148B 'implement':248C 'includ':252C 'infrastructure':104A 'inode':75A 'instruct':268C 'languag':11A 'lead':213C 'librari':6A 'limit':255C 'linux':138A 'list':183B 'malici':232C 'manager':76A,93A 'messag':157B,228C 'miss':194C 'mitig':265C,285C 'native':70A 'ncs':95A 'netapp':258C 'network':45A,49A,53A,57A,61A,65A,72A,142B 'network-appli':141B 'nfv':103A 'optical':91A 'orchestrator':47A,51A,55A,59A,63A,67A,99A 'otp':144B 'packet':82A 'per':266C 'phy':79A 'platform':87A 'potenti':212C 'product':246C,283C 'program':10A 'protocol':156B,227C 'rce':219C 'remot':172B,216C 'requir':262C 'run':165B 'runtim':145B 'rv160':117A 'rv160w':111A 'rv260':114A 'rv260p':120A 'rv260w':123A 'rv340':126A 'rv340w':129A 'rv345':132A 'rv345p':135A 'self':147B 'self-host':146B 'server':153B,180B,191C,251C 'servic':277C 'services':46A,50A,54A,58A,62A,66A,86A 'session':161B 'set':4A 'shelf':97A 'site':92A 'smart':78A 'software':105A 'ssh':149B,152B,155B,190C,226C,250C 'staros':89A 'suse':260C 'system':240C 'ultra':81A,85A,107A 'unauthent':171B,215C 'unauthor':236C 'unavail':287C 'use':280C 'valid':168B,210C 'various':245C 'vendor':267C 'virtualization':98A 'vulner':199C,242C 'without':167B,209C","nicknames":[],"mitigations":[],"who_affected":null,"tier":null,"verified":{},"analyst_revisit_at":null,"first_public_at":"2025-04-16T22:15:14+00:00","kev":{"dateAdded":"2025-06-09","dueDate":"2025-06-30","requiredAction":"Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.","knownRansomwareCampaignUse":"Unknown"},"cvss_vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","cvss_by":"security-advisories@github.com","poc_count":0,"sources":[{"source":"kev","external_id":"CVE-2025-32433","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?search_api_fulltext=CVE-2025-32433","severity":null,"published_at":"2025-06-09T00:00:00+00:00","modified_at":null,"first_seen_at":"2026-10-23T19:11:51+00:00","fetched_at":"2026-10-25T15:39:40+00:00","note":null},{"source":"nvd","external_id":"CVE-2025-32433","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32433","severity":null,"published_at":"2025-04-16T22:15:14+00:00","modified_at":"2026-06-17T09:11:59+00:00","first_seen_at":"2026-10-23T22:29:05+00:00","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T22:29:05+00:00","note":null}],"documents":[],"notice":"Free to read at a human pace. An API with keys and an MCP server are in preparation; early access: hello@infrastack.ai"}